Until the beginning of the 1990s, the development of moving image archival skills and knowledge sets was described, for the most part, as a matter of "training" rather than "education," be it post-secondary or continuing. Similarly, the individuals who needed to learn these skills were usually considered to be the "staff" or "personnel" of archives, rather than, simply and more expansively, in-site" at "archives" or "archival centers," and only rarely were "universities" directly suggested. And the structure and scope of the knowledge to be taught was most often described in terms of a "technical" or "scientific" practicum that focuses on a range of specialized skills, rather than as an "academic" model with curricular and degree offerings that combines hands-on training with broader, interdisciplinary requirements.